SUMMARY: Lyme disease has a worldwide distribution and is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Incidence, clinical manifestations, and presentations vary by geography, season, and recreational habits. Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is neurologic involvement secondary to systemic infection by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States and by Borrelia garinii or Borrelia afzelii species in Europe. Enhanced awareness of the clinical presentation of Lyme disease allows inclusion of LNB in the imaging differential diagnosis of facial neuritis, multiple enhancing cranial nerves, enhancing noncompressive radiculitis, and pediatric leptomeningitis with white matter hyperintensities on MR imaging. The MR imaging white matter appearance of successfully treated LNB and multiple sclerosis display sufficient similarity to suggest a common autoimmune pathogenesis for both. This review highlights differences in the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of Lyme disease in the United States, Europe, and Asia, with an emphasis on neurologic manifestations and neuroimaging.

OBJECTIVE: Blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma can cause significant injury to the genitourinary organs, and radiologic imaging plays a critical role both in diagnosing these injuries and in determining the management. In this article, we describe and illustrate the spectrum of injuries that can occur in the genitourinary system in order to facilitate accurate and rapid recognition of the significant injuries.

CONCLUSION: Imaging plays a crucial role in the evaluation of the genitourinary tract in a patient who has suffered either blunt or penetrating trauma because multiorgan injury is common in such patients. Contrast-enhanced CT is the primary imaging technique used to evaluate the upper and lower urinary tract for trauma. Cystography and urethrography remain useful techniques in the initial evaluation and follow-up of trauma to the urinary bladder and urethra.

Keywords: blunt trauma - genital trauma - genitourinary trauma - kidney - penetrating trauma - scrotum - testicle - ureter