SUMMARY: The purpose of this article was to review the embryologic stages of the cerebral cortex, illustrate the classification of disorders of cortical formation, and finally describe the main MR imaging features of these disorders. Disorders of cortical formation are classified according to the embryologic stage of the cerebral cortex at which the abnormality occurred. MR imaging shows diminished cortical thickness and sulcation in microcephaly, enlarged dysplastic cortex in hemimegalencephaly, and ipsilateral focal cortical thickening with radial hyperintense bands in focal cortical dysplasia. MR imaging detects smooth brain in classic lissencephaly, the nodular cortex with cobblestone cortex with congenital muscular dystrophy, and the ectopic position of the gray matter with heterotopias. MR imaging can detect polymicrogyria and related syndromes as well as the types of schizencephaly. We concluded that MR imaging is essential to demonstrate the morphology, distribution, and extent of different disorders of cortical formation as well as the associated anomalies and related syndromes.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this article is to describe recent developments in imaging patients with testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs).

CONCLUSIONS. Most patients with testicular GCTs can now be expected to be cured, so the focus on management moves toward identifying patients who need more aggressive treatment and avoiding long-term complications. CT remains central in the selection of a management strategy, although the roles of MRI and PET continue to evolve.

Keywords: CT - genitourinary imaging - germ cell tumor - oncologic imaging - testicular cancer